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诗经双语|葛覃

摘要: 《诗经》，也称《诗三百》，是我国第一部诗歌总集，收集了自西周初年至春秋中叶五百多年的诗歌305篇，一般认为成书时间是春秋时期。子曰：“诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。”依据音乐的不同，

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《诗经》，也称《诗三百》，是我国第一部诗歌总集，收集了自西周初年至春秋中叶五百多年的诗歌305篇，一般认为成书时间是春秋时期。子曰：“诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。”依据音乐的不同，《诗经》被划分为《风》、《雅》、《颂》三部分。《风》，也叫《国风》，包括十五个地方的民歌，黄河流域居多，有160篇，是《诗经》的核心内容。十五国风有：周南、召南、邶、鄘、卫、王、郑、齐、魏、唐、秦、陈、桧、曹、豳。《雅》分为《小雅》和《大雅》，是宫廷乐歌，共105篇。《颂》是宗庙用于祭祀的乐歌和舞歌，共40篇。《诗经》的表现手法主要有赋、比、兴。朱熹《诗集传》有云：“赋者，敷也，敷陈其事而直言之者也。比者，以彼物比此物也。兴者，先言它物以引起所咏之辞也”。

--张庆刚

《葛覃》绘画鲁霞作

《葛覃》书法徐云水作

诗译赏析

张庆刚

《诗经》由“风”、“雅”、“颂”三部分组成，《葛覃》是“风”中的一首，描写一位准备归宁(回娘家)的少妇喜悦而急切的心情。

诗分三章，以自然景物起兴，展示了三幅美丽清新的画面。

首章开端展现给读者的是满眼的萋萋莫莫、青碧如染的葛藤。忽然，山谷的幽静被一阵“喈喈”的鸟鸣声打破，抬头看时，发现是几只乖巧可爱的黄雀聚在灌木丛上在起劲地啁啾。美丽画面的背后，是一直在顾盼、聆听、满怀喜悦的女主人公，看到群鸟鸣集，想到自己也要很快就与家人团聚，她怎能不兴奋呢？

次章描写女主人公辛勤劳作的情景，她弯腰“刈”藤，然后把藤拿回家水煮，想象着萋萋满谷的葛藤变成一匹匹风中飘拂的葛布，有细布，有粗布，一种成就感和自豪感油然而生。是啊，人只要勤快，就不怕没有新衣服穿，新衣服穿在身上舒舒服服的。

第三章写“归宁”前要处理的几件事情。首先要把活儿和保姆交接一下，然后向公婆、丈夫道别，把衣服里里外外洗得干干净净，去见久违的日夜思念的双亲。

全诗画面清丽，虚实相生，妙于取譬，充满了快乐的气氛，给人以美的享受。

世间万事万物妙在适度，误在失度，坏在过度，译事亦然。赵译《葛覃》在追求再现原诗的三要素：形文(phanopeoia)、声文(melopeoia)和情文(logopeoia)的过程中，努力做到了恰到好处。

由于汉英两种语言间的差异，汉诗往往排列整齐，而英诗诗行长短不一。如何处理翻译中的这一形文问题呢？赵老师既没有因为英语译文的诗行不整齐而躺平，也没有借英诗的这一特点而毫无原则、毫无章法地确定译文诗行的长度，而是按照英诗的特点确定自己的翻译标准并严格执行。他根据自己的译诗经验，通常将四言汉诗译为六个音节的英诗，本首《葛覃》也不例外。他认为，这样翻译简约优美，可使译文的风格与原文大体相当。不然，多则造成冗余，为诗之大忌；少则导致缺失，难以曲尽其妙(赵彦春 2005)。

在声文方面，要使译诗和原诗完全对等更是不可能的，译者在追求译文的音美方面并没有拘泥于原诗，而是灵活有度地运用类比的方法再现了原诗的意图 — 音韵美。每章的韵式均为aabbcc。在译文的情文上译者也是有法有度地向原诗趋同。在意象方面，葛之覃 — 施于中谷 — 维叶萋萋 — 维叶莫莫 — 黄鸟 — 刈 — 濩 — 絺 — 绤 — 污 — 澣 — 归宁 — 父母等在译文中悉数再现。原文第三章的前两小句：“言告师氏，言告言归”翻译为 “ How I wish, Mother, How I wish to go home now!”，译诗和原诗有出入。但这并不是无端地做出变换，而是为了更好地传达原作的意图，满足译语读者的期待。译文通过女主人公与妈妈的心灵对话，再现了女主人公盼望见到双亲的急切的心情。

翻译的关键是译意而非译字，传达意图是第一位的。源语与译语文字有别，格律相异，但不同文字承载的思想内容又可以通约。另一方面，在保证传达意图的基础上，译文应尽可能再现原诗的所有特征，能“现形”就尽可能“现形”，有时候“形式”就是“意义”，“形式”就是“意图”。

赵彦春

Zhao Yanchun

赵彦春，上海大学教授、上海大学翻译研究与出版中心主任、国际学术期刊Translating China主编、国际汉学与教育研究会会长、中医药促进会传统文化翻译与国际传播专业委员会会长、中国先秦史学会国学双语研究会执行会长。证伪与建构；译诗兼写诗。翻译学归结论的创立者、以诗译诗以经译经的倡导者和践行者。

Zhao Yanchun, Professor of English at Shanghai University, Director of Shanghai University Center for Translation and Publishing, Editor of Translating China, President of International Sinology and Education, President of Chinese Culture Translation and International Promotion, Executive President of Chinese Classics Bilinguals’ Association. Falsifying and Reconstructing, translating and writing poetry, a founder of translation reductionism, is an advocator and practitioner of translating Poesie into Poesie, and Classic into Classic.

邬建军

Wu Jianjun

邬建军，1993年毕业于联合国译员训练部，曼彻斯特大学发展经济学硕士，多年中央部委工作经历，曾任世界银行中国执董办公室高级顾问，现任某国际多边开发机构高管。中华传统文化传承与传播倡导者和践行者。

Wu Jianjun, Postgraduate of the United Nations Language Training Program in 1993 and MA of Development Economics, the University of Manchester, has been in civil service in the central government ministries of PRC for many years, once Senior Advisor to the Chinese Executive Director of the World Bank Group and currently a senior executive of an international multilateral development agency. He is an advocator and practitioner of the inheritance and communication of traditional Chinese culture.

彭韬

Peng Tao

彭韬，中央广播电视总台主任编辑，央视《经典咏流传》（第三季）经典传唱人，多家优质人文平台朗读嘉宾。

Peng Tao, Chief Editor of China Media Group, the guest of the Everlasting Classics (the third season), has been invited by high quality platforms as a special guest to give reading performances.

肖洒 (潇洒)
Xiao Sa

肖洒：播音指导、研究生导师、国家级普通话水平测试员。中国播音主持金话筒奖提名，中国诗歌学会朗诵专业委员会委员，中华诗词学会朗诵专业委员会理事，“学习强国”播音朗诵专家团成员。兼任河南省演讲与口才学会执行会长、中国语文报刊协会演讲与口才分会副会长。

Xiao Sa, director of Broadcasting, graduate student tutor, National Mandarin Proficiency tester, nominee for the Golden Microphone Award for Chinese Broadcasting and Hosting, member of the Recitation Professional Committee of the Chinese Poem Society, director of the Recitation Professional Committee of the Chinese Poetry Society, and also a member of the Broadcasting and Recitation Expert Group for “Learn more to make your country stronger”. Besides, he is the executive president of the Henan Provincial Speech and Eloquence Academy and the vice president of the Speech and Eloquence Branch of the Chinese Language Press Association.

徐云水

Xu Yunshui

徐云水，职业书法艺术家，号冰马，别署瀞水楼。自幼酷爱书法艺术，经王个簃老先生指点从石鼓文入手，后研学唐楷和狂草，尤对张旭和怀素、祝允明、傅山等诸家法帖有全面深入研究。其作品在多次大赛中获奖并曾被日本、澳大利亚等多个国家展览馆及个人收藏。

Xu Yunshui, a professional calligrapher, calls himself Bingma(ice horse), and uses the pseudonym of Jingshuilou(Jingshui Tower). Having formed a great passion on calligraphy from his childhood, he started with the stone-drum inscrpriptions under the guidance from Mr. Wang Geyi. Later he studied the regular script of Tang Dynasty and wild cursive, and, he especially delved into many models of calligraphy of Zhang Xu, Huai Su, Zhu Yunming, Fu Shan and other calligraphies. His works have won awards in many competitions and have been collected by individuals and national exhibition hall of Japan, Australia and other countries.

鲁霞

Lu Xia

鲁霞，中国国家民族画院民族艺术馆研究员、中国教育电视台《水墨丹青》栏目画家、中国先秦史学会国学双语研究会副秘书长。

Lu Xia, Researcher at National Arts Museum of Chinese National Fine Arts Institution, painter at "Chinese Ink Painting" program by China Education Television, Deputy Secretary General of Chinese Classics Bilinguals' Association of Chinese Pre-Qin History Society.

张庆刚

Zhang Qinggang

张庆刚，英语语言文学硕士，重庆城市管理职业学院副教授。主编英汉词典和多部教材，译著《中国城市发展史》在英国麦克米伦出版社出版。

Zhang Qinggang, MA in English Language and Literature, Assoicate Professor at Chongqing City Management College, Editor-in-chief of an English-Chinese dictionary. His translation of History of Urban Development in China was published by Macmillan Publishers LImited.

邬天一

Wu Tianyi

邬天一，Timmy，上海某双语学校九年级学生，爱好英文阅读、朗诵，热心公益事业，有志成为中国传统文化国际交流与传播践行者。

Wu Tianyi, Timmy, a 9th grader of a bilingual school in Shanghai, is fond of English literature reading. An active participant in public benefit activities, he strives to be a practitioner of international exchange and communication of traditional Chinese culture.

彭芃

Peng Peng

彭芃，北京第二实验小学学生，央视《经典咏流传》（第三季）经典传唱人。

Peng Peng is the student of Beijing No.2 Experimental Primary School and the guest of the Everlasting Classics (the third season).

特邀诗经专家

李山

Li Shan

李山: 河北高碑店市人，1963年生，文学博士博士生导师，现为北京师范大学文学院教授、北师大中国优秀传统文化研究与传播中心（珠海校区）教授，副主任。长期从事中国古代文学史，古代文化史教学科研，主攻方向为先秦两汉魏晋南北朝文学。曾出版《诗经的文化精神》、《诗经析读》、《西周礼乐文明的精神建构》、《诗经应该这样读》、《孔子——永不妥协的大生命》以及教科书《中国文化史》、《中国文化概观》等著述，发表论文近百篇。曾经做客央视“百家讲坛”、“文明之旅”等栏目，主讲《春秋五霸》、《战国七雄》、《论语在身边》和《诗经》等节目。

Li Shan, born in Gaobeidian, Hebei Province in 1963, is a doctor of literature. He is now a professor and doctoral supervisor of the School of Arts of Beijing Normal University and deputy director of the Center for Research and Communication of Chinese Traditional Culture of Beijing Normal University (Zhuhai Campus). He has long been engaged in the teaching and research of ancient Chinese literary history and ancient cultural history, with his study orientation being the pre-Qin literature and the literature of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, the Wei, the Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The works he published include monographs such as The Cultural Spirit of Classic of Poetry, The Analysis of Classic of Poetry, The Spiritual Construction of Ritual and Musical Civilization in Western Zhou, The Classic of Poetry Should Be Read This Way, Confucius - The Great Life Never Compromising, textbooks such as A History of Chinese Culture, An Overview of Chinese Culture, and nearly 100 papers. He has been invited to the CCTV to host the program of Lecture Room and act as an expert in the program of Journey of Civilization, giving lectures on or talking about such topics as The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, The Seven Heroes of the Warring States, The Analects of Confucius and The Classic of Poetry.

特邀书法顾问

徐庆华

Xu Qinghua

徐庆华，1991年毕业于浙江美术学院。中国美术学院艺术学博士。现为上海交通大学媒体与传播学院教授，博导。上海市书协副主席，篆刻专业委员会主任。

Xu Qinghua, the DFA of China Academy of Art, graduated from Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts and now is Professor and PHD supervisor of Department of Media and Communication of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He is also vice chairman of Chinese Calligraphers Association and director of Seal Cutting Art Association.

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